- Muscles are controlled by nerves, and a tiny electric current always flows in the muscles themselves

- This activity is recorded with an EMG device through needles or electrodes to check for problems anywhere from the peripheral nerves to the muscles

- When problems occur in the peripheral nerves or muscles, EMG allows accurate testing

- The main purpose of EMG is to find muscle conditions that cause weakness, such as muscle atrophy and nerve disorders

For safety, a medical history and neurological examination come first, and a nerve conduction study is done before EMG to identify and diagnose symptoms accurately. The method depends on the type of EMG; there are two main methods.

- Intramuscular electromyography: a needle is inserted into the muscle. This is the most accurate method

- Surface electromyography: electrodes are attached to the skin. Less accurate, but more comfortable, and the test can be done while you are active

EMG is mainly used to diagnose disorders of the nervous system. It also provides information that helps diagnose muscle diseases and neuromuscular junction disorders.

- Conditions that damage the peripheral nerves: injury from accidents / acute and chronic peripheral neuritis / carpal tunnel syndrome / cubital tunnel syndrome

- Motor neuron disease: ALS (Lou Gehrig's disease)

- Conditions that damage the muscles: inflammatory myositis / metabolic myositis and other conditions in which muscles throughout the body slowly weaken

- Radiculopathy

EMG may be performed in the following cases.

- Numbness and pain in the hands

- Numbness and pain in the legs

- Gradual overall weakness in the arms and legs

- Sudden weakness in one hand or leg

- Applicable age: 45 to 90

- Test time: 90 to 120 minutes (the test is long, so please eat before you come)

- Format: individual, face-to-face test

A neuropsychological test may be performed when a person reports declining cognitive function.

- Reversible dementia

- Primary dementia such as Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia

- Mild cognitive impairment

- Subjective cognitive impairment

- A simple, painless and safe test

- Can be performed on all patients, including pregnant women and older adults

The examiner places a probe on parts of the patient's neck, face and head.

- This test does not show the vessels directly; it measures the blood flow speed in large vessels in specific areas, so the test may be difficult in some people with a poor acoustic window

- It measures the condition of the cerebral vessels non-invasively, so it is painless, and because it uses ultrasound it is safe

This test is mainly used to diagnose abnormalities of the cerebral blood vessels. It also provides information that helps with detecting micro-emboli, headache, follow-up after cerebrovascular surgery, early diagnosis of acute cerebral infarction and determination of brain death.

- Checking cerebral vessel abnormalities in patients with cerebral infarction or dizziness

- Detecting micro-emboli in the blood vessels

- Differential diagnosis of headache

- Follow-up after cerebrovascular surgery

- Early diagnosis of acute cerebral infarction and checking the effect of thrombolytic drugs

- Determination of brain death

The cerebral blood flow test may be performed in the following cases.
Even when a cerebral vessel is 50-60% blocked, blood flow only slows down and the patient has no noticeable symptoms, so early prevention and management are needed.

- Older adults, patients with high blood pressure, diabetes or hyperlipidemia, and people with a family history of stroke

- People who need early stroke screening

- People aged 50 and over, when vascular aging speeds up

- All signals in the body, from thinking to sensation and movement, are passed on electrically in the brain

- EEG detects this electrical activity with sensors and records it as waveforms

Electrodes are attached to the surface of the scalp, outside the skull, to take the measurement.

- To obtain the brain wave changes and information needed for diagnosis, hyperventilation or sleep (sleep EEG) may be induced, or light stimulation may be used during recording

- EEG detects and amplifies tiny electrical signals, so even slight movement can make the results inaccurate; it is important to move as little as possible during the test

EEG is mainly used to diagnose epilepsy. By showing differences in activity between the left and right brain and the overall level of alertness, it also provides supporting information for diagnosing congenital malformations, cerebral infarction, brain tumors, reduced consciousness, diffuse brain injury and headache. It is also an important criterion for determining brain death. Epilepsy is caused by abnormal electrical signals in the brain, and the following points should be kept in mind when interpreting an EEG.

- A normal EEG does not mean there is no epilepsy

- It does not show what kind of structural abnormality may be causing seizures

- Many normal waveforms look similar to epileptic waves

- Every EEG must be interpreted together with clinical findings

- EEG is not an absolute guide to whether epilepsy is well controlled or whether seizures will recur

EEG may be performed in the following cases.

- A person with no previous medical history suddenly loses consciousness and collapses

- A person sometimes goes blank, does not respond when called and later does not remember it well

- Symptoms suddenly worsen in a patient already diagnosed with and treated for epilepsy

- A person keeps dozing off and has trouble staying awake